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Critical 
Reflection

Head VI, 1949. 93.2 × 76.5 cm

Study After Velazquez’s Portrait of Pope Innocent X , 1953

The view of the pond  Egypt mural

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Death in the sickroom 1895

Crowds 57cm x 76cm 2024 Liuyi Huang

​Alberto Giacometti, The piazza,1958

Seurat Man reading 1884

Seurat Woman reading 1883

Key thoughts

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Since Unit 1 to now, my small topics developed from traces of people and empty spaces where have an evoking factor to make audiences think of the traces. Through the development of describing groups of people, I started to make figures out in this Unit. Within a plain imaginary construction of these people in my thought, they should be in ordinary movements, with similar body shapes, having been delayering of faces and individuality. These kind of simulated faces and bodies slowly formed biscuits dolls with milliput clays I used (The reason I used milliput clay is that it do not break and dries easily, so I can place them repeatedly.).

 

 

 

Francis Bacon 

How could ourself trap us.

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Mist covering the night, we are here again, talking about the unreal destination.

Then he rambled in those clouds, red jacket, touched dogs’ tails yet,

He still wants, the uncanny story.

Where we stop, we saw the dog. Black dark, thin and tired.

--A random writing of mine when I when to Bacon’s exhibition.

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Bacon’s cages, always trap screaming men, despairing souls. ‘His subjects were always portrayed as violently distorted, almost slabs of raw meat, that are isolated souls imprisoned and tormented by existential dilemmas.’--the art story.org.

What I really care about is the way he drew cages. For the picture Study after Velazquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X and Head VI, these two drawings described the same person, in Bacon’s vey unique screaming figure. He used only white lines in the Head VI, built a transparent cage for the character, however in the other one, a more fluency method is used to build the cage, yellow lines are strong and vivid, as well as it mixed in dark background, they are forming a more active and powerful sense than the head one. Therefore, white chalk-like lines on Velazquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X is a much more stable cage even the background is flowing. Hence, in my own feeling, the white-lined cage creates a more enclosed space, and the yellow-lined cage is a more open, fluid space with dynamic communication with the outside world. 

The reasons causing these effects are, white-lined cage feel like an external space making to separate the main character from the world it exists. A reason I say that is because the cage is just covering his head, and the whole active he does in this picture is just screaming out of his mouth. Other body part of him is just steadily, formally, gently sitting on the chair which stands of his priority. It is violence inside the cage, it is silence out there. A white lined cage separated the visual and auditory, the artist was controlling the limitation of receiving information by audiences' sense organs.

 

Generally speaking, the spatial nature of painting relies on visual perception, while sculpture and architecture rely not only on visual perception but also on tactile and kinesthetic senses. However, there is no doubt that the importance and advantage of vision are evident. When appreciating spatial art, tactile, kinesthetic, and visual senses work together. Therefore, spatial art is also called visual art. The terms spatial art, visual art, and static art are interconnected in their scope, all referring to art that creates visible, static spatial images using physical materials.--Introduction to Art.

In these two paintings, Bacon's use of painting techniques deepens the sense of space and highlights the different effects and emotions of the two paintings by contrasting fluidity and stability. In my view, the statement from ‘Introduction to Art’ mentioned above can, to some extent, reveal how different senses can provide multiple resonances to a viewer at the same time, and thus conclude that when one sense is closed off, other senses are also affected. I think this is the precise impression that Bacon's painting of the white cage gives me.

Break the limits of observation and thinking

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I have read about the describing in the book Crowds, ‘From the point of view of the impression they make on our eye these geometrical figures may assume very varied shapes. By perspective the cube may be transformed into a pyramid or a square, the circle into an ellipse or a straight line. Moreover, the consideration of these fictitious shapes is far more important than that of real shapes, for it is they and they alone that we see and that can be reproduced by photography or in pictures. In certain cases, there is more truth in the unreal than in the real. To present objects with their exact geometrical forms would be to distort nature and render it unrecognisable.’ --The Crowd, A Study of the Popular Mind

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This sentence makes me linked to my geometry shape of the backgrounds of my prints, these kind of cube shapes are what I simulated as a general group background, but it makes me feels like trap in the cubes after 3 more similar backgrounds formed. So, I searching for a way to kind of break these shapes, Le Bon’s books remind me of changing the perspective of the camera lens. 

 

In contrast to the spatial structure in my works "Crowd, Us," the simple cube shape actually has limitations in the effects it can convey. To break these limitations, I printed two prints of different sizes on the same sheet of paper. The vastly different sizes were placed in the two corners of the paper, and the completely asymmetrical shapes partially disrupted the space defined by the paper. However, since both prints were square, the limitations were reduced but still present. Therefore, I later used a larger black parallelogram as the background layout to further push these boundaries.

Probably in next term’s research I should find out more about how to present the visual effects while allowing more immersive perspectives to appear, and show them in a more enveloping way so audiences are kind of in the cubes themselves as well as characters on picture.

From another perspective, I could change the shape of the plates and create a collage. Using the paper and the plates as two opposing elements, when one presents straight and regular shapes, I can use the sharpness of the other to complement it. This way, they not only contrast each other visually but also create a theoretical interplay.

Study of space

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In “Visual thinking”, Arnheim hypothesises a debate between an Egyptian and a Westerner to illustrate how different visual foundations can lead to different viewing methods and thus form different artistic styles. He imagines that each of them draws a square pond surrounded by neatly arranged trees according to what they see. The Westerner would draw it using perspective, making objects appear smaller as they recede into the distance, while the Egyptian would draw a square with trees growing perpendicularly around its edges. Both would believe that their depiction is the true representation. This demonstrates that our eyes do not passively and mechanically reflect images like a mirror; rather, they follow our minds, viewing things from the perspective of our cultural background and habits. Thus, vision becomes not only a physiological basis for artistic creation and appreciation but also a subjective activity related to conceptual choices. —Induction of Art.

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At the beginning of the project, I focused on the figures and ground in the photos. Since the ground was made of a rectangular acrylic sheet, it maintained correct physical perspective relationships even when photographed from different angles. Using an existing plane to create a space, I naturally tried to form them according to logical perspective relationships. I also attempted to break away from this approach, using a more surreal method, such as drawing the space with squares that do not conform to perspective principles. However, the results were unsatisfactory; irregular space shapes on a regular canvas appeared as if they were simply mistakes.

 

If I want to further develop this series of images, I might draw inspiration from Egyptian murals and traditional Chinese paintings, using their scattered perspective techniques to create flat images and see the effect.

Physically, a three-dimensional cube can be unfolded into a large flat plane, much like the paper-folding games from childhood—drawing six connected squares on a sheet of paper, cutting them out, and folding them into a cube. Since this series of works uses cubes and rectangular prisms as spatial carriers, in the next project, I can try to flatten them to present a more realistic image. For example, aligning the base parallel to the viewer’s eye level, with the figure still standing, but unfolding the other five faces to create an effect of extension, expansion, and outward dispersion. Alternatively, I might directly transform my work into a three-dimensional space.

Edvard Munch

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Human figures are aways an important element in a painting that feature people. In Munch’s Death In the sickroom, there’s just one exact facial figure in group of characters. The others are losing themselves in their emotions and avoiding the ‘camera’. What does this figure want to express to the audience? What is her movement signify? Does this explain a sense of being overwhelmed by her emotion, seeking solace or a momentary escaping from this room of sadness?

 

In my understanding of Munch's paintings most, I interpret the gaze of the figures as a breaking of the fourth wall, using eye contact with the viewer to convey the artist's emotions and unspoken messages. A common feature in Munch's works is that the people are looking outwards. The characters' gazes consistently penetrate through the canvas, attempting to express feelings that cannot be verbally articulated. 

There is also a sense of movement in his works, but it is not highly active; rather, it is subdued. The depth in his paintings exists, but all characters remain within the same plane, creating a unique visual effect which is very visual dispersion effected and with a sense of extension. 

These features prompt a question: is this a reflection of the artist's own emotions? Is it a transference of communication, shifting from verbal expression to eye contact between the artist, his subjects, and the viewers across time?

Why do they face us, rather than interacting with others within the picture? By breaking the fourth wall, Munch creates a direct and intimate connection with the viewers. This gaze engages us, drawing us into the emotional and psychological depths of the artwork, suggesting that the figures' introspective stares are a medium for Munch's personal introspections and emotional struggles.

About figures

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The main reason I chose this image as the largest piece in the entire print series is that I wanted to use the face-to-face interaction between the figures and the audience to facilitate communication. Additionally, some figures in this image are sitting at the edges, looking outward. This represents a part of the group that yearns to break away, hovering at the periphery, yet temporarily bound by the common interests or relationships within the group.

 

I don’t want to have clear figures on my characters. As the book, The Crowds, within a group, people inside do not have an obvious face or personality, their movements have been influenced deeply by the whole. Following the fluency, the tendency of what mainly members do.

In its ordinary sense the word ‘crowd’ means a gathering of individuals of whatever nationality, profession, or sex, and whatever be the chances that have brought them together. From the psychological point of view the expression ‘crowd’ assumes quite a different signification. Under certain given circumstances, and only under those circumstances, an agglomeration of men presents new characteristics very different from those of the individuals composing it. The sentiments and ideas of all the person in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. A collective mind is formed, doubtless transitory, but presenting very clearly defined characteristics. The gathering has thus become what, in the absence of a better expression, I will call an organised crowd, or, if the term is considered preferable, a psychological crowd. It forms a single being, and is subjected to the law of the mental unity of crowds.--The Crowd

To conduct research on such a stereotyped and popularized character image, I studied the works of artists whose works feature blurred human figures.

 

Giacometti broke with the traditional emphasis on mass in sculpture, creating thin, emaciated figures resembling matchsticks. These slender, seemingly melting human sculptures gently touch people's hearts and are considered depictions of the emptiness and loneliness of modern society.—‘Induction of Art’.

Giacometti's group figures serve as a great reference for my depiction of crowds. His group figures also portray expansive scenes, such as parks. The elongated models emphasize the social distance between individuals, making the space in his works appear more desolate. The black main figures are scattered on a grey base, resembling silhouettes from afar, while up close, they are blurred sculptures lacking facial features or clothing details. This further enhances the overall sense of melancholy and loneliness in the work.

Seurat’s charcoal drawings omit facial and clothing details, which are focusing mainly on the atmosphere of the whole picture.

When handling portraits, he tends to render the figures in a rounded manner, giving them a sense of continuity. When facial features and details are not prominent, this continuity captures the viewer's attention, drawing them into a soft, blurred atmosphere. These rounded gray tones gradually merge the scene and the figures together in a seamless way. I noticed that he emphasizes the balance of light and shadow using very traditional European painting techniques, which makes the images very comfortable for the viewer. Traditional drawing techniques, such as the contrast in brightness between the figures and the background, stand out particularly well in these blurred charcoal drawings.

​Bibliography

Bon, L.G. (2002) The crowd: A study of the popular mind. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. 

Chen, J. and Hong, L. (2019) Yi Shu Gai Lun. Beijing: Qin Hua Da Xue Chu Ban She. 

Death in the sickroom, 1895 by Edvard Munch. Available at: https://www.edvardmunch.org/death-in-the-sickroom.jsp#google_vignette (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Fragments for Alberto Giacometti Mario Negri. Available at: https://www.marionegri.org/en/artists-writings/fragments-for-alberto-giacometti/ (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Francis Bacon paintings, Bio, ideas The Art Story. Available at: https://www.theartstory.org/artist/bacon-francis/ (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Head VI (1949) by Francis Bacon Artchive. Available at: https://www.artchive.com/artwork/head-vi-francis-bacon-1949/ (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Seurat / man reading / chalk drawing - Georges Seurat Seurat / Man reading / Chalk drawing - Georges Seurat as art print or hand painted oil. Available at: https://www.myartprints.com/a/georges-seurat/seuratmanreadingchalkdraw.html (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Seurat / Woman Reading / chalk drawing - Georges Seurat Seurat / Woman reading / Chalk Drawing - Georges Seurat as art print or hand painted oil. Available at: https://www.myartprints.co.uk/a/georges-seurat/seuratwomanreadingchalkdr.html (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Study after Velazquez’s portrait of pope innocent X (1953) by Francis Bacon Artchive. Available at: https://www.artchive.com/artwork/study-after-velazquezs-portrait-of-pope-innocent-x-francis-bacon-1953/ (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

Tate Visionist on Francis Bacon, Tate. Available at: https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/bacon-study-for-a-portrait-t12616/mixtate-visionist-francis-bacon (Accessed: 20 May 2024). 

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